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Unraveling the Mystery of Misdiagnosed Autism
Have you ever heard the phrase, “If you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras”? This metaphor, dating back to Dr. Theodore Woodword in the 1940s, reminds doctors what to prioritize when evaluating a patient’s symptoms. It tells doctors to focus on the most likely diagnosis (the “horse”) for the presenting symptoms before considering what’s less likely (the “zebra”), even if the unlikely zebra seems to fit.
Being autistic can feel like being a zebra in a world of horses—which is no wonder since autistic people make up only about 2% of the U.S. population. Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social and communication differences and a preference for sameness and repetition. It’s a specific constellation of traits, the presentation of which varies greatly from person to person.
Misconceptions around the autism spectrum and common biases mean that many autistic individuals go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. By some estimates, approximately 1 in 4 autistic individuals (and 1 in 3 autistic women) have received a misdiagnosis of a psychiatric condition before being diagnosed with autism. Autism is not a mental health diagnosis, but it can have some things in common with mental health diagnoses, and some clinicians who don’t specialize in autism might not be able to tell the difference.
The misdiagnosis of autism matters to healthcare providers, educators, and, most of all, autistic individuals and their families. Keep reading to learn about the consequences of misdiagnosis and why autism might be misdiagnosed.
Autism and Empathy: Bridging the Gap in Understanding Neurodivergent Perspectives
We often make assumptions about others’ internal states based on their external behaviors. For example, if I see that you’re shivering, I might make a good guess that you’re cold. I might be correct most of the time, but these assumptions are not always accurate. It’s also possible that someone can be shivering but not cold, or cold but not shivering.
Autistic behaviors are commonly misunderstood because autistic people have social and communication differences. This means that when someone guesses an autistic person's internal state based on what they see externally, they are less likely to guess correctly because the state may differ from what they expect. An autistic person may feel one way but appear differently to another person. One clear example of this is the assumption that some have made that autistic people must lack empathy.
The question “Do autistic people have empathy?” prevails in blog posts and articles online––and the persistence of this question exemplifies the harmful myth that autistic people lack empathy. Autistic people do have empathy––and in fact, many have heightened empathy––even if the expression of this empathy appears differently.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by social and communication differences and a preference for sameness and repetition. In the past, some researchers pursued the idea that a lack of empathy is a defining feature of the autism spectrum ––but this view has been challenged by other researchers who point out the flaws in these assumptions.
While autistic traits undoubtedly include social and communication differences compared to allistic (non-autistic) people, these differences do not equate autism to a lack of empathy.
Read on to learn more about different types of empathy, factors influencing autistic empathy and more.
Advocating for Inclusion: The Role of the Social Model in Disability Empowerment
Most people know someone who has a disability––or they have a disability themselves. According to the census, 13.4% of the total population in the U.S. is disabled. This means 44.1 million people live with various challenges, from ambulatory to cognitive to visual.
Disabilities can be visible or invisible, such as autism or mental health conditions. In addition to the great variations in disability, there’s also more than one way to view the concept of being disabled.
Many autistic folks have engaged in discussion at one point or another about whether being autistic is a difference or a disability. This answer can change depending on which model through which we see autism. In the medical model, autism itself is the cause of a disability, but in the social model, autism is a difference, and it is the environment that disables us.
Read on to explore the differences between the medical and social models of disability.
